He is a classic example of a social theorist whose work does not fit easily within conventional disciplinary boundaries. According to Freud, human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by unconscious drives and events in early childhood. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Interested in philosophy as a student, Freud later decided to become a neurological researcher in cerebral palsy, Aphasia, and microscopic neuroanatomy.
Freud went on to develop theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. The most common problems treatable with psychoanalysis include phobias, conversions, compulsions, obsessions, anxiety, attacks, depressions, sexual dysfunctions, a wide variety of relationship problems such as dating and marital strife , and a wide variety of character problems painful shyness, meanness, obnoxiousness, workaholism, hyperseductiveness, hyperemotionality, hyperfastidiousness.
Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can hypothesize how patients unconsciously are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms.
Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness.
Jean Piaget was a French-speaking Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. This led to his experiments with children and adolescents in which he explored the thinking and logic processes used by children of different ages.
Piaget believed that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change and as such, it is defined in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states.
Transformations refer to all manners of changes that a thing or person can undergo. States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. Jean Piaget : Jean Piaget was a French-speaking Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget explains the growth of characteristics and types of thinking as the result of four stages of development.
The stages are as follows:. When studying the field of education Piaget identified two processes: accommodation and assimilation. Assimilation describes how humans perceive and adapt to new information. Daniel J. Levinson, an American psychologist, was one of the founders of the field of positive adult development. In this dissertation, he attempted to develop a way of measuring ethnocentrism. In , he moved to Harvard University. From to , he was a professor of psychology at the Yale University School of Medicine.
His multidisciplinary approach is reflected in his work on the life structure theory of adult development. Positive adult development is one of the four major forms of adult developmental study. The other three are directionless change, stasis, and decline. Positive adult developmental processes are divided into the following six areas of study:. Research in this field questions not only whether development ceases after adolescence, but also the notion, popularized by many gerontologists, that a decline occurs after late adolescence.
Research shows that positive development does still occur during adulthood. Now that there is scientific proof that individuals continue to develop as adults, researchers have begun investigating how to foster such development. Rather than just describing, as phenomenon, the fact that adults continue to develop, researchers are interested in aiding and guiding that development.
For educators of adults in formal settings, this has been a priority in many ways already. More recently, researchers have begun to experiment with hypotheses about fostering positive adult development. These methods are used in organizational and educational setting.
Some use developmentally-designed, structured public discourse to address complex public issues. Positive Adult Development : Research in Positive Adult Development questions not only whether development ceases after adolescence, but also the notion, popularized by many gerontologists, that a decline occurs after late adolescence. Privacy Policy. In , Bracken developed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, a comprehensive assessment that evaluates each of these six elements of self-concept in children and adolescents.
Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Bailey JA 2nd. Self-image, self-concept, and self-identity revisited. J Natl Med Assoc. Argyle M. Social encounters: Contributions to social interaction. Routledge; Rogers CR. Psychology: A study of a science. Formulations of the person and the social context. In: Koch S, ed.
McGraw-Hill; Tajfel H, Turner J. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Key Readings in Social Psychology. Intergroup Relations: Essential Readings. Psychology Press; Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellMind. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.
We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. He presented dilemmas to boys and asked them how they would judge the situations. Cooley, Charles Horton.
Bloom, Lisa. Erikson, Erik. The Lifecycle Completed: A Review. New York: Norton. London: Routledge. Freud, Sigmund. Three Essays on Theories of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books. Gilligan, Carol. Haney, Phil. Harlow, Harry F. Learning to Love. New York: Ballantine. Kohlberg, Lawrence. New York: Harper and Row. Mead, George H. Mind, Self and Society , edited by C.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. On Social Psychology , edited by A. Piaget, Jean. The Construction of Reality in the Child. Skip to main content.
Search for:. Theories of Self-Development Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Understand the difference between psychological and sociological theories of self-development Explain the process of moral development. What a Pretty Little Lady! Summary Psychological theories of self-development have been broadened by sociologists who explicitly study the role of society and social interaction in self-development. Short Answer Think of a current issue or pattern that a sociologist might study.
What types of questions would the sociologist ask, and what research methods might he employ?
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